| Issue № 2 |
Original research |
pdf-version |
Intra-population polymorphism of sympatric Canids (Canis Lupus, Vulpes vulpes, Nyctereutes procyonoides): craniometric data
| Korablev Nikolay | D.Sc., assistant professor, Velikie Luki State Agricultural Academy, 182100 Russia Velikie Luki, Lenin ave., 2, cranlab@gmail.com |
| Korablev Miroslav | Ph.D., Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow Leninsky ave., 33, mir-kor@yandex.ru |
| Korablev Pavel | Central Forest State Nature Biosphere Reserve, Zapovedny, Nelidov region, Tver oblast 172513, cranlab@mail.ru |
| Dikarev Stanislav | Velikie Luki State Agricultural Academy, 82100 Russia Velikie Luki, Lenin ave., 2, cranlab@gmail.com |
|
Keywords: wolf red fox raccoon dog intra-population variability craniometric data |
Summary: Studying essential background of mammalian biology at the level of intra-population morphological diversity provides important information for understanding the patterns of formation and stability of complex biological systems, and serves as an important basis for developing in-situ management and conservation of biological diversity. The article discusses the factors and forms of manifestations of intra-population dimensional morphological diversity in three species of sympatric mammals of the Canids family in a limited geographical area within a 60-year time period. In the framework of statistical analysis of various forms of polymorphism for each of three forms, the magnitude of the dimensional and morphological variability, the features of this phenomenon and the possible mechanisms of influence of individual factors are discussed. It is shown that the dimension of sexual dimorphism (SSD) is manifested in the order of amplification in the row: the raccoon dog (ISD = 1.7), red fox (ISD = 3.01), wolf (ISD = 3.55). It is associated mainly with signs of jaw apparatus and carnassial teeth. In addition to sexual selection, SSD depends on the social organization of species. Spatial variability in the studied species is characterized by pronounced intra-population structure in the grey wolf and less pronounced in the red fox and raccoon dog. The driving forces of this form of polymorphism can be both the biological features of species with more or less characteristic territorial conservatism, and adaptation to local living conditions, which is manifested at the level of selectively significant functional odontological and maxillary features. Chronographic variability, present as an objective phenomenon, is characterized by different trends in each of the predators. It can be determined by adaptations to the food spectrum, and also has a random nature due to the high total death of animals. The ratio of the studied forms of polymorphism indicates the dominance of individual age and gender variability. The geographical (spatial) factor and chronographic variability should be considered as the second order of influence; they together determine the spatial-temporal dynamics of intra-population morphological diversity. © Petrozavodsk State University |
Received on: 27 March 2020 Published on: 23 June 2020 | |
References
Blanko H. A. Poyarkov A. D. Krutova V. I. Organization of a family group of wolves (Canis lupus lupus) in the Voronezh Biosphere Reserve, Zoologicheskiy zhurnal. 2005. T. 84. No. 1. P. 80–83.
Craniometric variability of raccon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides Grey., carnivora, Canidae) of Tver region: from introducents to modern populations, Byulleten' Moskovskogo obschestva ispytateley prirody. Otd. biol. 2012. T. 117. No. 1. P. 16–25.
Danilov P. I. Gurskiy I. G. Kudaktin A. N. Reproduction and population structure. Breeding, Volk. Proishozhdenie, sistematika, morfologiya, ekologiya. M.: Nauka, 1985. P. 378–389.
Drygala F., Korablev N., Ansorge H., Fickel J., Isomursa M., Elmeros M., Kowalczyk R., Baltrunaite L., Saarma U., Schulze C., Borkenhagen P., Frantz C. A. Homogenous population genetic structure of the invasive raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Europe as a result of rapid population expansion, PLoS ONE. 2016. Vol. 11. No. 4. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153098.t001.
Dynamics of forest ecosystems in the South of the Valdai Upland in the Late Paleystocene and Holocene, Otv. red. E. Yu. Novenko. M.: GEOS, 2011. 112 p.
Huson L. W., Page R. J. C. Multivariate geographical variation of the Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Wales, Journal of Zoology. 1980. Vol. 191. P. 453–459.
Huston M. H., Wolverton S. Regulation of animal size by eNPP, Bergmann’s rule and related phenomena, Ecological Monographs. 2011. Vol. 81. R. 349–405.
Intra-population diversity and intra-population differentiation (on the example of five species of the Carnivora order), Vestnik Tverskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser. biologiya i ekologiya. 2014. No. 4. P. 114–122.
Istomin A. V. Small mammals in regional environmental monitoring (on the example of the Caspian-Baltic watershed). Pskov: Pskovskiy gop. ped. un-t, 2008. 278 p.
Kimura M., Weiss G. H. The Stepping Stone Model of Population Structure and the Decrease of Genetic Correlation with Distance, Genetics. 1964. Vol. 49. No. 4. P. 561–576.
Kleiman D. G. Monogamy in mammals, The Quarterly Review of Biology. 1977. Vol. 52. P. 39–68.
Korablev N. P., Szuma E., Korablev P. N., Zinoviev A. V. Dental polymorphism of the raccoon dog in indigenousand invasive populations: internal and external causation, Mammal Research. 2017. Vol. 62. R. 163–177.
Korytin N. S. Analysis of Survival of the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) at the Phases of Population Growth and Decline, Russian Journal of Ecology. 2002. Vol. 33. No. 3. P. 186–193.
Kowalczyk R., Jędrzejewska B., Zalewski A., Jędrzejewski W. Facilitative interactions between the Eurasian badger (Meles meles), the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), and the invasive raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland, Can. J. Zool. 2008. Vol. 86. P. 1389–1396.
Kowalczyk R., Zalewski A., Jędrzejewska B., Ansorge H., Bunevich A. N. Reproduction and Mortality of Invasive Raccoon Dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in the Białowieża Primeval Forest (Eastern Poland), Annales Zoologici Fennici. 2009. Vol. 46. No. 4. P. 291–301.
Kutschera V., Lecomte N., Janke A., Selva N., Sokolov A., Haun T., Steyer K., Nowak C., Hailer F. A range-wide synthesis and timeline for phylogeographic events in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2013. Vol. 13. P. 114.
Malécot G. Heterozygosity and relationship in regularly subdivided populations, Theoretical Population Biology. 1975. Vol. 8. No. 2. P. 212–241.
McCune B., Grace J. B. Analysis of Ecological Communities. Oregon, Gleneden Beach: MjM Software Design, 2002. 300 p.
Mech L. D. Buffer Zones of Territories of Gray Wolves as Regions of Intraspecific Strife, Journal of Mammalogy. 1994. Vol. 75. No. 1. P. 199–202.
Mech L. D., Boitani L. Wolf Social Ecology. USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, 2003. 318 p.
Mech L. D., Paul W. J. Wolf body mass cline across Minnesota related to taxonomy?, Can. J. Zool. 2008. Vol. 86. No. 8. R. 933–936.
Meiri S., Dayan T., Simberloff D. Variability and Sexual Size Dimorphism in Carnivores: Testing the Niche Variation Hypothesis, Ecology. 2005. Vol. 86. No. 6. P. 1432–1440.
Mel'nik K. S. Blanko H. A. Litvinova E. M. Chistopolova M. D. Ogurcov S. V. Poyarkov A. D. Biotopic selectivity and movement patterns of the grey wolf Canis lupus (Mammalia, Canidae) within its family site in the Kaluzhskie Zaseki Nature Reserve, Byulleten' Moskovskogo obschestva ispytateley prirody. Otd. biol. 2007. T. 112. No. 6. P. 3–14.
Milenkovič M., Ipetic V. J. S., Blagoevic J., Tatovic S., Vujosevic M. Skull variation in Dinaric–Balkan and Carpathian gray wolf populations revealed by geometric morphometric approaches, Journal of Mammalogy. 2010. Vol. 91. No. 2. R. 376–386.
Ovsyanikov N. G. Poyarkov A. D. Bologov V. P. Communication and social organization, Volk. Proishozhdenie, sistematika, morfologiya, ekologiya. M.: Nauka, 1985. P. 295–310.
Pilot M., Branicki W., Jędrzejewski W., Goszczyński J., Jędrzejewska B., Dykyy I., Shkvyrya M., Tsingarska E. Phylogeographic history of grey wolves in Europe, BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2010. Vol. 10. P. 104.
Population aspects of sexual dimorphism in the Mustelidae guild on the example of four species: Mustela lutreola, Neovison vison, Mustela putorius, Martes martes, Izvestiya RAN. Ser. biol. 2013. No. 1. P. 70–78.
Puzachenko A. Yu. The Quantitative patterns of morphological diversity of mammalian skull, Sbornik trudov Zoologicheskogo muzeya MGU im. M. V. Lomonosova. 2016. T. 54. C. 229–268.
Puzachenko Yu. G. Zheltuhin A. S. Kozlov D. N. Fedyaeva M. V. Puzachenko M. Yu. Siunova E. V. Central Forest State Nature Biosphere Reserve. Izd. 2-e. Tver': OOO «Pechatnya», 2016. 79 p.
Puzachenko Yu. G. Biodiversity in the biosphere: a systemic and semantic analysis, Biosfera. 2009. T. 1. No. 1. P. 25–38.
Puzachenko Yu. G. Century-old climate change in the area of the reserve, Trudy Central'no-Lesnogo gosudarstvennogo prirodnogo biosfernogo zapovednika. Vyp. 6. Velikie Luki, 2012. P. 6–32.
R Core Team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL: https://www.R-project.org/2018.
Ramenskiy S. E. Smirnov V. S. Gurskiy I. G. Pavlov M. P. Increasing the size of the same-age wolves in the 20th century, Volk. Proishozhdenie, sistematika, morfologiya, ekologiya. M.: Nauka, 1985. P. 261–266.
Resovskiy N. V. Voroncov N. N. Yablokov A. V. Brief outline of the theory of evolution. M.: Nauka, 1978. 407 p.
Rossolimo O. L. Dolgov V. A. Regularities of variability of the skull of the wolf (Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758) in the territory of the USSR, Acta Theriologica. 1965. Vol. 10. No. 12. R. 195–207.
Rozhnov V. V. Polymorphism of the control area of mitochondrial DNA of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray, 1834) introduced to the Upper Volga basin, Genetika. 2011. T. 47. No. 10. P. 1378–1385.
Shvarc S. S. Ecological patterns of evolution. M.: Nauka, 1980. 277 p.
Sidorchuk N. V. Rozhnov V. V. European badger in the Darwin Reserve. Traditional and new methods in the study of ecology and behavior of burrowing predators. M.: T-vo nauchnyh izdaniy KMK, 2010. 123 p.
Smith F. A. et al. The Evolution of Maximum Body Size of Terrestrial Mammals, Science. 2010. Vol. 330. P. 1216–1219. DOI: 10.1126/science.1194830.
Szuma E. Evolutionary and climatic factors affecting tooth size in the red fox Vulpes vulpes in the Holarctic, Acta Theriologica. 2008. Vol. 53. P. 289–332.
Szuma E., Germonpré M. Size of the lower carnassial in the arctic and the red fox from Late Pleistocene in Belgium compared to other ancient and extant populations, Mammal Research. 2020. Vol. 65. P. 127–139.
Tumanov I. L. Intra-population polymorphism of the pine marten (Martes martes, Carnivora, Mustelidae) of the Tver oblast, Zoologicheskiy zhurnal. 2016. T. 95. No. 1. P. 80–93.
Tumanov I. L. Intra-population polymorphism of the polecat (Mustela putorius, Carnivora, Mustelidae), Zoologicheskiy zhurnal. 2015. T. 94. No. 5. P. 580–592.
Van Valen L. M. Morphological variation and the width of the ecological niche, Am. Nat. 1965. Vol. 99. P. 377–390.
Wright S. The genetic structure of populations, Ann. Eugen. 1951. Vol. 15. P. 323–354.
Yablokov A. V. Population biology. M.: Vyssh. shk., 1987. 303 p.
Yom-Tov Y. Body sizes of carnivores commensal with humans have increased over the past 50 years, Functional Ecology. 2003. Vol. 17. P. 323–327.
Yom-Tov Y., Geffen E. Recent spatial and temporal changes in body size of terrestrial vertebrates: probable causes and pitfalls, Biological Reviews. 2011. Vol. 86. P. 531–541.
Yom-Tov Y., Yom-Tov S. Observations on variation in skull size of three mammals in Israel during the 20th century, Zoologischer Anzeiger. 2012. Vol. 251. P. 331–334.
Yudin V. G. Wolf of the Russian Far East. 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. Vladivostok: Dal'nauka, 2013. 412 p.
Zinov'ev A. V. Zhagarayte V. A. Tumanov I. L. Polymorphism factors of craniometric characteristics in the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes, Carnivora, Canidae) in the center of European Russia, Zoologicheskiy zhurnal. 2018. T. 97. No. 9. P. 1175–1188.
© 2011 - 2024
Petrozavodsk State University
technical support - RCNIT
The editor-in-chief - Andrey Korosov
ecopri@petrsu.ru